亚热带花岗岩地区土壤矿物风化过程中盐基离子的释放特征

矿物风化过程中盐基离子释放遵从一定的化学计量关系,这种化学计量关系一般只能通过模拟实验来获取。本研究采用pH 7.0的EDTA-乙酸铵溶液将土壤中的交换性盐基离子完全洗脱出来,然后用Batch方法模拟不同pH溶液淋溶洗脱盐基和未洗脱盐基土壤,旨在消除土壤中交换性盐基离子的影响后更为准确地判断土壤矿物风化的盐基离子释放特征。结果表明:未洗脱盐基土壤的淋出液pH由3.73±0.14逐渐上升到4.23±0.06,主要原因是淋溶液中有高浓度的NH_4~+;洗脱盐基土壤矿物风化后淋出液pH从7.39±0.02逐渐下降到5.39±0.17,主要是由于土壤中可风化矿物减少。土壤交换性盐基离子会改变盐基离子释放特征、释放总量:未洗脱盐基土壤经酸雨淋溶后,各盐基离子释放均呈现急速下降后逐渐平缓的趋势,洗脱盐基土壤矿物风化后,K~+及盐基离子释放总量呈波动上升趋势,且盐基离子释放总量比未洗脱盐基土壤低。土壤交换性盐基离子的存在还会改变淋出液中的盐基离子化学计量关系:未洗脱盐基土壤的K~+︰Ca~(2+)︰Mg~(2+)︰Na+化学计量关系为11︰13︰4︰1(当量比),而洗脱盐基土壤为7︰2︰2︰1。K~+是盐基离子中风化释放量最多的,大部分K~+来自于土壤中云母的风化。因此,只有利用洗脱盐基土壤的盐基离子释放量才能准确计算矿物风化速率并获得准确的化学计量关系。土壤矿物风化作用随着淋溶液酸度增大而增强,但模拟一年降雨量的情况下,p H 3.5、4.5和5.5三种不同p H溶液对矿物风化后盐基离子的释放在实验期间没有显著性影响,较长时间后的差异性有待观察。本研究表明,可以通过预洗脱盐基土壤然后模拟酸雨淋溶的方法,观察矿物风化特征,特别是盐基离子释放的化学计量特征。     

重金属迁移与土壤性质的关系

Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg runoff from yellow limestone soil and purple soils and the relationships between the mobility of the heavy metals and the soil characteristics were studied in laboratory using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble Zn in surface runoff were significantly negatively correlated with the contents of < 0.002 mm particles and CEC of the soils, indicating that Zn was mostly adsorbed by clays in the soils. The contents of Cu and Hg in surface runoff were positively related to their contents in the soils. The amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg removed by surface runoff were influenced by the amounts of soil and water losses and their contents in the soils, and were closely related to the contents of soil particles 1~0.02 mm in size.     

覆盖免耕夏玉米耗水特性的研究

以无覆盖翻耕、无覆盖铁茬等常规耕作为对照,对覆盖免耕夏玉米的耗水特性进行了研究。结果表明耕作并没有大幅度增加或者减少夏玉米的耗水量,不同耕法夏玉米耗水量差异不大;同翻耕、铁茬等相比,覆盖免耕夏玉米耗水在时间和空间分配上有所改变,即覆盖免耕夏玉米前期耗水少,后期耗水量增加,蒸散量加大,而且覆盖免耕有效地减少土壤棵间蒸发,却增加了作物的蒸腾量,变非生产性耗水为有效耗水,有利于夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的提高     

黄土高原小流域植被特征及其季节变化

植被作为影响水土流失的一个重要因子一直受到广泛关注 ,黄土高原的植被特征随季节发生很大的变化 ,从而对土壤侵蚀发生深刻影响。选择陕北安塞县大南沟小流域 ,于 1998年、1999年和 2 0 0 0年的 5～ 10月 ,每 2周1次对其植被盖度、植被高度和叶面积指数 (L AI)及其季节变化进行了测量和分析。在大南沟流域 ,一半以上的土地是农地 ,种植了玉米、糜子、谷子、马铃署、荞麦和大豆 ,其它土地利用方式有荒草地、休闲地、灌丛、林地和果园。对于农地 ,叶面积指数、作物高度和盖度随季节发生很大的变化 ,农地盖度在春天增长缓慢 ,一般在 8月份才达到其最大值 ;非农地的盖度从 4月份开始增长 ,一般 6～ 7月达到其最大值 ,并保持至 9月甚至 10月份。年降雨总量对植被有很大的影响 ,而单场大降雨对植被特征也有很大的影响     

Turloughs - Ireland’s unique wetland habitat

Turloughs are karst wetland ecosystems that are virtually unique to Ireland. Flooding annually in autumn through springs and fissures in the underlying limestone and draining in the springtime, often through the same fissures or swallow-holes, they have been described as ‘temporal ecotones’. Over 300 have been documented. They are priority habitats in the EU Habitats Directive and support a variety of wet grassland and fen type vegetation. Though the vegetation has been recorded and mapped for over 80 turloughs, records for invertebrates are more sporadic. Characteristic species include some aquatic species-often benefiting from the absence of fish-, and many wetland terrestrial species, including carabid beetles that are rare on a European scale. Due to their shallow nature and the full vegetation cover of the basin, turloughs can host internationally significant numbers of visiting winter wildfowl, particularly whooper swans. The variety of plant and invertebrate communities between turloughs is primarily due to different hydrogeomorphological characteristics, but also depends on the range of grazing practices on turloughs. Since these often vary within a turlough basin, this helps maintain within-turlough biodiversity. The main threat to turloughs in the past was drainage, but pollution by nutrients is also now potentially detrimental. However, a more recent and important threat may be the cessation of farming within turloughs. As potentially threatened wetlands of European importance, turloughs require a full inventory of their biodiversity and the factors affecting it. The collation here of all literature concerning turloughs will provide a basis for an integrated approach to future research on turloughs that is essential for a full understanding of these complex ecosystems.     

微生物活性指标: 重金属污染下的土壤质量敏感指标

Physicochemical properties, total and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-extractable Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd contents, microbial biomass carbon (C) content and the organic C mineralization rate of the soils in a long-term trace metal-contaminated paddy region of Guangdong, China were determined to assess the sensitivity of microbial indices to moderately metal-contaminated paddy soils. The mean contents of total Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were 251, 250, 171, and 2.4 mg kg^-1 respectively. DTPA-extractablc metals were correlated positively and significantly with total metals, CEC, and organic C (except for DTPA-extractable Cd), while they were negatively and highly significantly correlated with pH, total Fe and Mn. Metal stress resulted in relatively low ratios of microbial biomass C to organic C and in remarkable inhibition of the microbial metabolic quotient and C minera]ization rate, which eventually led to increases in soil organic C and C/N. Moreover, microbial respiratory activity showed a stronger correlation to DTPA-extractable metals than to total metal content. Likewise, in the acid paddy soils some "linked" microbial activity indices, such as metabolic quotient and ratios of basal respiration to organic C, especially during initial incubation, were found to be more sensitive indicators of soil trace metal contamination than microbial biomass C or basal respiration alone.     

First data on the coastal dynamics and the sedimentary characteristics of the area influenced by the River Irminio basin (SE Sicily)

The various lithological outcrops in the drainage basin of the River Irminio are described for their contribution to the riverborne material and therefore to the sedimentary balance of the coastal strip. The main contribution to the present sedimentary balance of the subaqueous delta cannot be attributed to the River Irminio, owing to the extreme difference between fluvial and marine sediments. The river's hydraulic characteristics have not always been constant but have tended to decrease in three stages: the first, with a strong competence, shown by the Quaternary alluvial sediments with pebbles; the second, up to 1985, of medium competence, shown by sandy-gravelly deposits in the coastal strip and by finer sediments in the distal areas; the third, at the present day, with low competence, shown by a prevalently suspended load sediment with practically no fluvial influence and with a sedimentation dominated by the littoral currents; this is because between the 1960s and 1970s, owing to interventions along the river channel, the sediments from the basin were reduced to the point of non-existence and a new sedimentary cycle was set up on the delta with allochthonous sediments, exclusively made up of quartz clasts, whereas in the distal zones the mineralogical and compositional characteristics of the ancient river mouth were maintained.     

‘小偃60’在不同水氮条件下的用水特性

以过筛土壤为培养基础,以圆形桶为容器,设置了3个水分梯度(W0、W1、W2,分别为田间持水量的50%、65%、80%)、4个氮素梯度(N0、N1、N2、N3,施氮量分别为每桶0 g·kg?1、0.10 g·kg?1、0.20 g·kg?1、0.29 g·kg?1),探究冬小麦新品系‘小偃60’干物质积累与分配、水分利用效率、光合参数的变化规律,为其推广及高产高效栽培提供依据。结果表明,水、氮均对冬小麦生物量及产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶水势、叶片净光合速率等有显著影响,且水对籽粒产量的主效应大于氮肥。水分和氮肥适宜处理(W2N2)比水分和氮肥轻度亏缺处理(W1N1)增产66.03%,W1N1比水分和氮肥严重亏缺(W0N0)增产153.30%。在相同水分处理下,冬小麦叶绿素SPAD值随着施氮量的升高而升高,而在相同施氮量条件下,水分严重亏缺处理(W0)和水分适宜处理(W2)的冬小麦叶绿素SPAD值均低于水分轻度亏缺处理(W1)。水分对叶片水势为正效应,表现为随着土壤含水量的增加显著升高到不明显升高趋势。光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)均随着施氮量的增加而升高,Pn、Tr随土壤水分提高而上升,WUEi却随土壤水分提高而下降。在低氮(N1)或者不施氮肥(N0)条件下,产量水分利用效率(WUEy)随水分的增加表现先升高而后变化不明显的变化趋势;在适宜氮肥(N2)和高氮(N3)条件下,WUEy随着水分的增加而升高。通过对试验结果的分析得出如下结论:1合理的水氮管理使‘小偃60’的籽粒产量及水分利用效率(WUE)维持在较高水平,过多水肥均引起产量及WUE下降;2不同水氮下籽粒产量、水分利用效率均与叶片净光合速率显著正相关;3‘小偃60’在河北环渤海地区更适合在低水中肥条件下种植。     

Does forest type and vegetation patchiness influence horizontal distribution of soil Collembola in two neighbouring forest sites?

The influence of forest type and heterogeneity of understory vegetation on the horizontal distribution of soil living Collembola was studied in two neighbouring mountain forest sites—a 180-year old beech forest and a 70-year old natural spruce forest. Four homogenous patches with different understory vegetation were chosen within each forest site and sampled 12 times between 1997 and 1998. A total of 56 collembolan species were identified, 51 in the beech forest and 48 in the spruce site. Twenty-three species were rare—they were recorded with low constancy and density. Although both forest sites differed in soil type, humus form and soil chemical parameters, the species composition of their collembolan communities was quite similar (77% shared species). Nevertheless, soil collembolan communities of both forest sites were clearly delimited on both qualitative (presence–absence) and quantitative (in density of individual species) levels as well as in terms of total collembolan density. Mean collembolan density reached 26 650–44 030 ind/m² in the beech patches compared to 44 470–68 050 ind/m² found in the spruce patches. Considerably higher densities of several species in one forest site may indicate more suitable habitat. In spite of similar species composition and minor differences in qualitative parameters among different vegetation patches within one forest site, there was clear variation in density of individual species, particularly between patches with and without herb vegetation. This could reflect different microclimatic conditions, additional litter supply from herbs or indirect interactions of Collembola with their roots.